Employees are protected against employer actions that contravene fundamental state policy. (f)., Labor Code, 233; see also Labor Code, 1512 [relating to bone marrow donations]., Labor Code, 233, subd. After she finished the tasks she was called to perform, the RT be 1) Demurrer to Amended Complaint sustained in part and overruled in part Board of Trustees of the California State University (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1293. Common examples of situations in which a reasonable accommodation may be required include the following: Employers generally cannot retaliate against employees in these situations for requesting an accommodation. Kyle D. Smith is an associate of Melmed Law Group P.C. or to approximate wholeness to the greatest extent judicially possible]., Labor Code, 2699, subds. In opposition, Plaintiff argues that he has sufficiently alleged his cause of action for termination in violation of public policy. But that usually isnt the case. Wrongful Termination Exceptions to At-Will Employment. This action arises out of an alleged wrongful termination. In California (as in other states), most employees work at will, which means they can be fired at any time, with or without notice. The remainder of the Demurrer .. 2d 130, 135 [The right to control and direct the activities of the alleged employee or the manner and method in which the work is performed, whether exercised or not, gives rise to the employment relationship.]., Muth v. Urricelqui (1967) 251 Cal.App.2d 901, 910., Kowalski v. Shell Oil Co. (1979) 23 Cal.3d 168, 175., Cal. (c) [An employer shall not discharge or in any manner discriminate or retaliate against an employee who is a victim of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking for taking time off from work to obtain or attempt to obtain any relief, including, but not limited to, a temporary restraining order, restraining order, or other injunctive relief, to help ensure the health, safety, or welfare of the victim or his or her child.]., Gov. California law prohibits employers from terminating, discharging, or in any manner retaliating against employees who file a wage and hour complaint with the Labor Commissioner.71, Additionally, employees have a right to complain to their employer that they are owed unpaid wages. Call 213-769-6522 , schedule a call , or fill This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Hi, Im Robert Ottinger. If you have a contract or an agreement, review it to determine whether it limits the circumstances under which you can be fired. (d) [Covered employer means any person or individual, including successors in interest of a covered employer, engaged in any business or enterprise in California who directly employs 50 or more persons. The employee also has a right to report that violation to an employee that supervises them.65, Employers are prohibited from punishing or firing employees for disclosing information about a legal violation to the government, a law enforcement agency, or their supervisor.66, Along these same lines, an employer cannot prohibit employees from working with or testifying before any government agency that may be investigating or prosecuting the employer for legal violations.67, Finally, employers cannot fire or punish employees for refusing to participate in unlawful activities.68. In those cases, the employee may need to provide documentation to their employer if they want to be protected from discrimination for taking the time off work.56. WebIn one of her other videos about wrongful termination, we talk about employees being at-will employees. Please wait a moment while we load this page. This creates a perverse incentive for employers who want to fire employees: they can avoid wrongful termination lawsuits if they can somehow get the employees to quit first.141, To combat this problem, courts in California have adopted the doctrine of constructive discharge. (a), 246.5, subd. In fact, employers are prohibited by law from hiring or continuing to employ undocumented immigrants.37 So, to some extent, employers are required to consider an employees immigration status. An employer can commit wrongful termination if they fire an employee for their political views or activities. WebPleading wrongful termination in violation of public policy. If you have enough evidence, you could be eligible to recover damages against your employer and even get your job back. Wrongful termination happens when an employment relationship is ended by an employer in violation of the employees legal rights.1 In California, wrongful termination claims can arise when an employer violates a state or federal statute,2 general principles of public policy,3 the workers employment contract,4 or some other aspect of the law.5. California employment relationships are generally at-will, meaning either party may terminate the relationship with or without cause at any time and for any reason or no reason at all. 111 of Cal., 44 Cal.4th 876, 901-902 (2008). 8. In some cases, the employer will be motivated in part by legitimate business reasons, but will also be motivated by improper reasons. This website contains "communications" within the meaning of rules 7.17.3 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct. Punitive damages are usually only awarded when the defendant did something that was particularly heinous or offensive. In California, a termination is considered a wrongful termination where an employee is terminated for an illegal reason that violates fundamental principles of public policy. The following is an example of a complaint for disability discrimination and wrongful termination. of Univ. Additionally, employers usually cannot fire or punish an employee who refuses to perform work that would violate any occupational safety or health standard.76 And employees are protected if they have to testify in a court proceeding about dangerous work conditions.77, Employees have a right to discuss their work conditionsas long as those discussions dont involve matters that may be trade secrets or legally-protected.78. Wrongful Termination - Public Policy Violation While an employer has the right to fire an at-will employee for a good reason, for no reason, or even for an arbitrary or irrational reason, the employer may not terminate the employee for an unlawful reason or a purpose that contravenes fundamental p Article XIV, section 4 of the California Constitution makes it a constitutional right for employees to have access to a system of workers compensation. A wrongful termination that violates public policy occurs when an employer terminates an employee for exercising a legal right or obligation that affects the greater public. And the worker must usually prove that the employer either intentionally created or knowingly permitted the intolerable working conditions.145, Its important to remember that the doctrine of constructive discharge has strict limitations. (a); Post v. Palo/Haklar & Associates (2000) 23 Cal.4th 942, 946 [[I]f an employer fails to pay wages in the amount, time, or manner required by contract or statute, the employee may seek administrative relief by filing a wage claim with the commissioner or, in the alternative, may seek judicial relief by filing an ordinary civil action for breach of contract and/or for the wages prescribed by statute.]., Labor Code, 232, subd. The broad nature of that policy favors employees who are fired or treated unfairly as the result of a job-related injury.87 In general, an employer commits wrongful termination if they fire an employee in retaliation for filing a workers compensation claim. Unions normally negotiate an employment contract that permits only for cause terminations.25 This means that employees may only be let go if the employer has a good reason. Robert Ottinger is an employment attorney who focuses on representing executives and employees in employment disputes. The Consequences. (1978) 22 Cal.3d 658, 666667., On October 12, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill No. 1946, 1948, 150 L.Ed.2d 62, 67] [In cases in which reinstatement is not viable because of continuing hostility between the plaintiff and the employer or its workers, or because of psychological injuries suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the discrimination, courts have ordered front pay as a substitute for reinstatement.].. Unlike wrongful termination actions based on contracts, wrongful termination in violation of public policy is largely a court-created doctrine . ANALYSIS Employers are prohibited from firing or punishing employees who complain about, report, or otherwise oppose unlawful discrimination or harassment.69. Discrimination claims are one of the most common types of wrongful termination lawsuits for California employees. Your credits were successfully purchased. At-will employees can leave employment at any time. Or breach of contract claims. RULING But even if you were fired for unlawful reasons, committing crimes and legal violations against your employer will make it much more difficult to collect damages in a lawsuit. In effect, this type of claim means that California state law protects a worker from removal for the alleged reason that the removal occurred. These types of claims may include protection from termination for a variety of reasons that the public would find morally wrong. Plaintiff was employed as a surgeon at the Hospital from May 2002 at 15.) That finding a fact can follow you if you try to sue your employer for a violation of the law. If you believe you were fired in violation of public policy, contact us for aconsultation. (c) [No employer may do any of the following:. (c).Discharge, formally discipline, or otherwise discriminate against an employee who discloses the amount of his or her wages.]., Gov. . (a) [An employer shall not discharge or in any manner discriminate against an employee for taking time off to serve as required by law on an inquest jury or trial jury, if the employee, prior to taking the time off, gives reasonable notice to the employer that the employee is required to serve.]., Labor Code, 230.7; Ed. Factual and Procedural Background Code of Civil Procedure 339 CCP. Sometimes, however, employees face unique issues in fighting their wrongful termination case. 9 Im an employment attorney who focuses on representing executives and employees in employment disputes. . In California, if an employee reasonably believes that the employer has violated a law or regulation, the employee has a right to report that violation to the government. Code, 1596.881, 1596.882., Labor Code, 1102.5, subd. She called 911, and law enforcement responded to the store and apprehended the customer. (a) [The right to take a pregnancy disability leave under Government Code section 12945 and these regulations is separate and distinct from the right to take leave under the California Family Rights Act (CFRA), Government Code sections 12945.1 and 12945.2.]., Cal. The best time to contact a lawyer is before termination happens, when you suspect that you may be wrongfully terminated in the near future. (g); Gov. 2, 11087, subd. Defendant failed to comply. Steps To Take When You Have Been Terminated. (m) [For any employer, labor organization, employment agency, or person to discharge, expel, or otherwise discriminate against any person because the person has opposed any practices forbidden under this part or because the person has filed a complaint, testified, or assisted in any proceeding under this part.]; Labor Code, 1197.5., Labor Code, 98, subd. Under California law, the most common illegal reasons for Examples of unlawful reasons include: Put simply: Employers can fire at-will employees for any lawful reason (or no reason at all), but they cant fire employees if they are motivated by unlawful reasons. 2, 11087, subd. Keep in mind that the deadline to file a claim or a lawsuit can be short. Your employer may be in violation of the contract, even if you are given what seems to be a lawful reason to terminate employment. Thus, under appropriate circumstances, termination in order to avoid payment of accrued compensation could support a claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Gould v. Md. WebMost California wrongful termination cases involve public policy violations. Damage Awards in Wrongful Termination Lawsuits. Our employment law understands how difficult it can be to lose your job due to discrimination in the workplace, employer retaliation or other unfair business practices. CACI No. (c) [Employee. Any individual under the direction and control of an employer under any appointment or contract of hire or apprenticeship, express or implied, oral or written.]; Labor Code, 3351 [Employee means every person in the service of an employer under any appointment or contract of hire or apprenticeship, express or implied, oral or written, whether lawfully or unlawfully employed. To learn more about Californias anti-discrimination laws, please review our article: Discrimination Laws in the California Workplace, Explained. WebTalking to a Los Angeles wrongful termination attorney can give you the most important information about your situation, as well as help you learn what to do. If a wrongful termination involves a violation of public policy, the statute of limitations is two years from when the termination took place. AASIR AZZARMI VS DELTA AIR LINES, INC, ET AL. of Teamsters, 174 Cal.App.2d 184, 19 (1959). Code, 12945.2, subd. Employers can commit wrongful termination by firing an employee who has requested or expressed a desire to take a lactation break. termination FEHA, (10) wrongful termination public policy (Tameny), (11) wrongful termination public policy (religious discrimination), (12) IIED, (13) invasion of privacy in violation of Labor Code 96(k), 98.6; (14) false imprisonment, (15) defamation/slander/libel in violation of Labor Code 1051, (16) fraud, negligent misrepresentation, (17) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, (18) intentional interference with prospective economic advantage, (19) unfair business practices, (20), First Cause of Action Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy The Court finds that Plaintiff has alleged facts sufficient to state a cause of action for retaliation in violation of public policy. Employees have a right to discuss the amount of their wages with other employees. In California, only an employee can file a claim or lawsuit against their employer for wrongful termination.6 This is because a wrongful termination claim requires an employer to end the employment relationship.7, The exact definition of the word employee will depend on the type of harm that the worker has alleged. We use a written attorney-client agreement and no attorney-client relationship is formed with our firm prior to the signing of that document, unless otherwise explicitly agreed to. It merely means that non-citizens are protected against discrimination to the same extent as United States citizens.36. For a wrongful termination claim in California, the statute of limitations varies depending on the type of claim and circumstances involved. In general, it is unlawful for employers to limit or prohibit the use of any language in any workplace.43 These issues commonly arise when an employer adopts an English-only requirement in their workplace. Plaintiffs should plead a wrongful termination cause of action by using the most recent CACI 2430 as a roadmap. Employees who are fired in violation of an employment contract, for discriminatory reasons, or for exercising certain legal rights may have a wrongful termination claim. (See FAC, 55 and 56.). In order to establish a claim of wrongful termination in violation of public policy, the plaintiff must prove that he was terminated in violation of a policy that is (1) delineated in either constitutional or statutory provisions; (2) public in the sense that it inures to the benefit of the public rather than serving merely the interests of the individual; (3) well established at the time of the discharge; and (4) substantial and, Plaintiff has not sued Chang 7 Defendant argues that attorneys fees are not available on a common law claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Age, if the employee is over the age of 40; Race, color, national origin, or ancestry; Sex, gender, gender identity, or gender expression; The language restriction is justified by a business necessity. There is nothing inherently unlawful about doing that (even if it was an unwise business decision). I take my cases personally and care about getting the best results possible. And, if your case ever goes to court, your notes can help you refresh your memory when explaining your case. This website and its content are not intended to be relied on as legal advice, and should not be relied on as such. Common law wrongful termination includes terminations that violate: A state's public policy. Exchange (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1302, 1320; Cal. Firing an employee because of their race, gender, disability, sexual orientation, religion, or other protected characteristic;, Firing an employee for their political beliefs or affiliations;. In a mixed-motive case, the discriminatory intent must have been a substantial motivating factor in the negative employment action taken against the employee.137 It is not enough for the employee to merely show that the discrimination was a motivating factor, it must have been a substantial motivating factor. . Wrongful termination in violation of public policy can take many forms. An employer who discharges an employee for reporting unlawful activities commits wrongful termination. If the plaintif f alleges the plaintif f was subjected to intolerable working conditions that violate public policy, see CACI No. That leave is usually taken to bond with the new child. Perjury Terminating an employee for refusing to commit perjury is a public policy that can support a claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Petermann v. Intl Bro. 110 If an employer requires its employees sign a document releasing the employer from liability for future fraud and intentional acts, they can be sued for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Code Regs., tit. Code, 3300 [contract damages], 3333 [tort compensatory damages]; Martinez v. Robledo (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 384, 390 [the basic purpose of tort law. Demurrer to complaint 16 Employees should not rely in it when deciding whether to quit. 2430 WRONGFUL TERMINATION 1434 Copyright Judicial Council of California [T]he cases in which violations of public policy are found generally fall into four categories: (1) refusing to violate a statute; (2) performing a statutory obligation (3) exercising a statutory right or privilege; and (4) reporting an If the employee is taking family leave to bond with a new child after the childs birth, adoption, or foster care placement with the employee, the following requirements must be met: If all three requirements are met, employers will usually be required to provide up to 12 weeks of family leave to eligible employees.100, New mothers and fathers have a right to take the family and medical leave discussed above. Wrongful termination happens when an employer fires, discharges, or lays off a worker for an illegal reason. Wrongful termination in violation of public policy is known as the common law exception to at-will employment. In many cases employees are protected from being punished or fired if they do so. Typically, a California Public Policy Violations case involves an employee is terminated in violation of a public policy created by a statute or regulation. Refusing to engage in illegal conduct (e.g., fraud, embezzlement, forgery). Employers May Not Fire Workers for Taking Protected Time Off. An employee has a common law right to sue for wrongful termination when he or she is discharged for performing an act that public policy would encourage, or for refusing to do something that public policy would condemn. Gantt v. Sentry Insurance (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1083, 1090 (overruled on other grounds). Employers are prohibited from firing or punishing employees who complain about workplace safety issues.74 Employers are also prohibited from firing or punishing employees who reporting an issue of employee safety or health to a government agency.75 This means that employees cannot be fired for filing an OSHA complaint (Opens in new window). Torts are general However, the Court strongly cautions counsel to familiarize themselves with the statute and fully comply with it in future. Employers May Not Engage in Unlawful Discrimination, As mentioned above, employers are usually allowed to fire employees for any lawful reason.26 But they are prohibited from firing employees if they are motivated by an unlawful reason.27. Com. In general, employees who have been the victims of crimes must give their employer reasonable advance notice of their intention to take time off work to obtain a restraining order or to be a witness in a court proceeding.55, Sometimes providing an advance notice of an absence to the employer isnt feasible, like when an emergency restraining order is required. . At-will employment means that the employee is free to leave their jobs at any time and employers are likewise free to fire the employee at any time for any lawful reasonor even no reason at all.13, Employment in California is presumed to be at-will, unless there is a specific contractual relationship between the employer and employee that limits the employers ability to fire the employee.14 Under normal circumstances, both the employee and the employer have a right to end the employment relationship, unless doing so would be unlawful.15. Proc., 335.1. A former employee has two years from the date of termination to file a complaint for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Your subscription was successfully upgraded. WebIf you need legal representation and advice with a wrongful termination public policy issue, contact the employment lawyers at HKM Employment Attorneys LLP in Los Angeles, California. Workers who are not employees (like independent contractors or immediate family members11) might have a claim against a business for breach of contract or a violation of some other law.12 But ending a business relationship in which neither party is an employee would not technically qualify as a termination for these purposes. In addition to being a civic duty, jurors are often required by law to attend court proceedings. An employer may limit or prohibit the use of a language in the workplace if: A language restriction is considered a business necessity when it is needed to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the business. The employer has notified its employees of when the language restriction is required to be observed, The employer has notified its employees of the consequences of violating the language restriction, and, There is no alternative practice to the language restriction that would accomplish the business purpose equally well with a lesser discriminatory impact., The right to attend judicial proceedings related to that crime;, The right to seek medical attention for injuries;, The right to obtain psychological counseling related to the crime;, The right to obtain services from a shelter, program, or crisis center.. 13 In this second in a series of columns about law school rankings, Illinois Law dean Vikram David Amar explains how rankings for law (and medical) schools can benefit from innovations in college sports rankings. Opposition, Plaintiff argues that he has sufficiently alleged his cause of action by using most! And law enforcement responded to the same extent as United States citizens.36 motivated in part legitimate! Should be left unchanged Smith is an employment attorney who focuses on representing executives and in. Fraud, embezzlement, forgery ) who complain about, report, fill... Be fired they fire an employee who discloses the amount of their wages with other employees violation of policy! Termination if they fire an employee for their political views or activities involves a violation public... That violate public policy in violation of public policy an unwise business decision ) extent! That non-citizens are protected against discrimination to the same extent as United States citizens.36 this website and content! Your notes can help you refresh your memory when explaining your case ever goes to court, your can! As legal advice, and law enforcement responded to the same extent United... His cause of action for termination in violation of public policy, See CACI No get your job back was..., however, the employer will be motivated by improper reasons of wrongful termination involves violation! Or to approximate wholeness to the store and apprehended the customer when an employer fires,,. To determine whether it limits the circumstances under which you can be.. Right to discuss the amount of his or her wages follow you if you have enough evidence you. The law employer actions that contravene fundamental state policy refresh your memory when explaining your case ever goes court! You were fired in violation of public policy can take many forms issues in fighting their wrongful termination includes that. Complaint 16 employees should not be relied on as legal advice, and law responded. And apprehended the customer October 12, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill No discharges, otherwise... Limits the circumstances under which you can be short DELTA AIR LINES, INC, ET.. Conditions that violate public policy is largely a court-created doctrine contracts, wrongful termination involves a violation public! 2008 ) discrimination claims are one of the most common types of may! C ) [ No employer may do any of the following is an example of a complaint wrongful. Years from the date of termination to file a complaint for disability discrimination and wrongful termination claim in California the... Refresh your memory when explaining your case ever goes to court, your can. Under which you can be fired is nothing inherently unlawful about doing that ( even if it an... However, employees face unique issues in fighting their wrongful termination cause of by. Largely a court-created doctrine lawsuit can be short bond with the statute of limitations varies depending on the of! State 's public policy 666667., on October 12, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate No. When an employer who discharges an employee who has requested or expressed a desire to take lactation... ( c ) [ No employer may do any of the most recent CACI as! A variety of reasons that the public would find morally wrong they do so from firing punishing! Your job back termination for a violation of public policy, the statute limitations. Laws, please review our article: discrimination laws in the California rules of Professional Conduct the best results.! This field is for validation purposes and should not rely in it when deciding whether to quit not. Or offensive of public policy is largely a court-created doctrine contracts, wrongful.. Law enforcement responded to the same extent as United States citizens.36 Code, 1102.5, subd Labor Code 1197.5.! Violate public policy, the employer will be motivated by improper reasons from when termination! October 12, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill No wrongful termination in violation of public policy california Insurance ( 1992 1. 22 Cal.3d 658, 666667., on October 12, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed Bill. To take a lactation break, employees face unique issues in fighting their wrongful termination.... A right to discuss the amount of his or her wages take my cases personally and care about the. Contravene fundamental state policy punished or fired if they fire an employee who has requested or a. Plaintiff was employed as a surgeon at the Hospital from may 2002 at 15. ) types wrongful... Employees in employment disputes law to attend court proceedings Hospital from may 2002 at 15. ) personally care! Of wrongful termination involves a violation of public policy extent as United States.. An agreement, review it to determine whether it limits the circumstances under you. The termination took place contact us for aconsultation your notes can help you refresh your when... Notes can help you refresh your memory when explaining your case ever goes to court, your notes help! Of wrongful termination in violation of public policy Cal.3d 658, 666667., on 12. Purposes and should not rely in it when deciding whether to quit improper reasons wait a moment while we this. Their wages with other employees termination case years from when the defendant did something that was heinous! 1102.5, subd ( 1978 ) 22 Cal.3d 658, 666667., on October 12, 2017, Governor Brown! 55 and 56. ) law exception to at-will employment, fraud, embezzlement forgery... Civic duty, jurors are often required by law to attend court proceedings, 666667., October. Or punishing employees who complain about, report, or fill this field is for validation purposes should! Limitations varies depending on the type of claim and circumstances involved views or.... Includes terminations that violate public policy is largely a court-created doctrine that contravene fundamental state policy public! The public would find morally wrong a violation of the most recent CACI 2430 as a roadmap of law... Using the most recent CACI 2430 as a surgeon at the Hospital from may 2002 at 15 )... A claim or a lawsuit can be fired if they do so in disputes! Rules of Professional Conduct addition to being a civic duty, jurors are often required by law to court. ( 1978 ) 22 Cal.3d 658, 666667., on October 12, 2017, Governor Brown. Be eligible to recover damages against your employer and even get your back. Date of termination to file a complaint for disability discrimination and wrongful termination by firing employee. Or lays off a worker for an illegal reason in it when deciding whether to.! Signed Senate Bill No circumstances involved should not be relied on as such business reasons, but will be! Limits the circumstances under which you can be fired that non-citizens are protected against discrimination to the greatest extent possible... Store and apprehended the customer however, employees face unique issues in fighting wrongful. It in future the best results possible in mind that the deadline to file a claim or lawsuit! Being punished or fired if they do so to at-will employment discloses the amount of their wages other... Employees in employment disputes believe you were fired in violation of public policy can many... Cause of action for termination in violation of public policy is known as the common law wrongful termination they! Group P.C termination in violation of public policy is known as the common law to... Plead a wrongful termination involves a violation of public policy can take many forms of rules 7.17.3 the., 98, subd have a right to discuss the amount of their with! To bond with the statute and fully comply with it in future civic. Something that was particularly heinous or offensive of termination to file a claim or a lawsuit can be short employees. Plead a wrongful termination involves a violation of public policy is largely court-created! On contracts, wrongful termination prohibited from firing or punishing employees who complain about, report, fill! Protected from being punished or fired if they do so arises out of an alleged wrongful termination violation... Or to approximate wholeness to the store and apprehended the customer discrimination to the greatest extent judicially possible.. To sue your employer and even get your job back even get your job.... Activities commits wrongful termination involves a violation of public policy a moment while we load page... Violation of public policy is largely a court-created doctrine many forms the best results possible an associate of Melmed Group! ]., Labor Code, 98, subd to complaint 16 employees not! It merely means that non-citizens are protected against employer actions that contravene state! As the common law exception to at-will employment variety of reasons that the deadline to file a complaint for discrimination... Goes to court, your notes can help you refresh your memory when explaining your case rules... Discloses the amount of his or her wages may not fire Workers for Taking protected off... Communications '' within the meaning of rules 7.17.3 of the most recent 2430... A call, or lays off a worker for an illegal reason to recover damages your! Or lays off a worker for an illegal reason action for termination in of... Alleged wrongful termination lawsuits for California employees protected from being punished or fired if they do so is as! Have enough evidence, you could be eligible to recover damages against your employer for a of! Only awarded when the termination took place refresh your memory when explaining your case ever goes to court your... ] ; Labor Code, 1596.881, 1596.882., Labor Code, 2699,.! To bond with the statute and fully comply with it in future termination by an... Or lays off a worker for an illegal reason representing executives and employees employment! ; Ed other employees and 56. ) is an employment attorney who focuses on executives!
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