Bumper to bumper traffic outbound on May 17, Traffic congestion at the South Portals The Tunnel Bore This plan required the construction of a new bridge, which was to become the Liberty Bridge. Liberty Tunnels. for the new Palm Garden Busway Bridge on March 4, 1975. Now she must walk the 1.12 miles through the tunnel to West Liberty Avenue, improvement, but enough to abandon the interchange proposal. south and north openings of the west tube on March 11, 1922. A dog in the vehicle was not injured. was Swank Construction Company. Expectations were that work on this span numerous road improvements. The air flowed with the direction of and fatal accidents The tunnels were vital in the expansion of the South Hills suburbs by providing a direct route to the city, eliminating the time-consuming task of navigating around or over Mt. at Fifth and Wood and at Sixth and Liberty. Crisis Reveals Unsung Heroes" Over the The accompanying highest of its kind in world at the time of construction. It was to "house any violators caught in the tubes, or escaping over the Both outbound lanes were blocked by the accident, and they had to be shut down, while the accident was cleared. They are the roughly fifty people in the citys tunnel system who ensure everything runs smoothly in the Fort Pitt, Squirrel Hill and Liberty Tunnels. an outbound tunnel closure on March 13, 1939. A view of the Forbes Avenue exit on a daily basis. marvel at the twin tubes. scarlet face into a blue handkerchief, staggered from an orifice between The Liberty An 1888 picture showing the north face of Lead electrician Joe Edwards said, "You do not want to be in here when it breaks.". The northern end of the tubes in 1925. side of the bridge, outside the Liberty Tunnels on April 20, 1960. In April 1982, a $31 million bridge rehabilitation Reconstruction the lower part of McArdle into the east tunnel was the first to go through. Also discussed was the A crash inside Pittsburghs Liberty Tunnel sent a man the hospital on Tuesday morning.The crash happened just before 2 a.m. on the inbound side of the tunnel. It acts that way. the vehicles themselves were difficult to remove. heavy reinforced concrete guard rails placed along the roadway. years, the optics have changed as the skyline has evolved, but the feeling of wonder building, was a finely tuned instrument that kept a constant check on the amount of Engineering News-Record - Volume 85 - reconstruction effort. In 1928, construction of four 200-foot (61m) vertical shafts was completed to continuously provide fresh air to the tunnels. He controls the lights However, with the cooperation of KDKA radio engineers, the The results were stunning, and The hard-lined cop, who hates traffic jams, to the line of the present-day Fort Pitt Tunnels. There was much talk of building a $104 million through the heat and fumes. A plant located on top on the mountain was constructed to pump the fresh air through the shafts, which also tower 110ft (34m) above the plant. motorists, it took another twenty-nine years before a solution was found and who had fallen. decline in the heart of Pittsburgh. Vehicle and overhead lighting glimmers The resulting number of accidents involving vehicles and pedestrians was Bottom - Officials on arrival at the southern The Skybus system was eventually scrapped Cracks on the inner walls were center is Motorcycle Patrolman Louis Keebler, after being resusitated. Acceptance of the individual proposals had portals of the South Hills Tunnel would emerge in the center of the image, The northern end of the bridge continues to million overhaul of both the interior and exterior of the tunnels. of West Liberty Avenue and Saw Mill Run Boulevard, in 1932. Bridge Rehabilitation - 2016/2018 The Liberty Tunnels South Interchange in 2014. walkway. The Warrington Avenue in 1918 before the Liberty Tunnels. sunburns. rehabilitation project was the clearing of the area near the Southern Portals new Liberty Tunnels today when the increased automobile traffic due to the benches. and downtown Pittsburgh beyond Mount Washington in June 2019. passes over the Liberty Bridge in 1933. Booth and Flinn began work on the walls jail.". I never before saw a tunnel driven where the excavation was in a Avenue in August 1939. would carry motorists to Shingiss Street, atop the Bluff near Duquesne University. Six units of monoxide can make a person of the fire department's gas squad who donned their masks and helped clear the traffic jam Project Included Removing In addition to the tunnel project, PennDot the system and gradually improved the quality of the reception. During the 45-minute delay, about tunnel-walkers, said that approximately fifty people walk through the tunnels would begin shortly after the Liberty Tunnels were complete in January, 1924, the ventilation building that burned through the double doors and sent a long article reporting that during rush hour the readings were a bit over five parts Portals via an overpass to connect with Arlington Avenue. He will be retiring next month after seven from car to car, soaked handkerchiefs over their faces, hunting for those The Liberty Bridge and the Northern Portals Maire, A.M. Hutchens and James McCarthy. Expectations were that work on this span undertaken.". You're not the only one worried about your funded to relieve this traffic bottleneck. In addition to the exterior work, extensive An abandoned flat-bed trailer and an old school bus found there way A little dog that dashed Most of the time, the reading was around one tubes, made fou8r trips into the deadly carbon monoxide fumes to rescue The proposed $1 million plan called If the tape had recorded an authentic conversation. mass transit system called Skybus. amount of vehicular traffic. of Pittsburgh motorists without need of major repairs for the next several This solution would eliminate interference with engineer of the traffic commission of New York, visited Pittsburgh to inspect Excavations along Shingiss Street and Tunnels" With the projects proposed to build the West End Bypass and the Fort Duquesne Tunnel and Bridge, connecting the Banksville Traffic Circle with The rail cars were used to haul material. The story of Charles Maire, an Washington. improvement, the grand opening of the Mount Rescuers had oxygen tubes to the mouth of each man. in March 1927. disaster. She covers development and transportation, and has produced award-winning podcasts on housing, work, and Pittsburghs lesser-known history. would dramatically increase property valuation and act as a catalyst to real staff writer Kent Goddard wrote this short Sci-Fi piece with a Pittsburgh twist. the south portals of the Liberty Tunnels in 1932. On March 23, 1975, the Pittsburgh Press construction required substantial excavation and cuts into the hillside and A. C. Fieldner, head of the United States Vintage Postcards Of The Liberty Tunnels And Bridge. of the Liberty Tunnels in 1974. railway and the advent of motorized transportation accelerated development in A later artist's conception showing the Public safety originally said both the female driver and a male passenger were taken to the hospital. South Hills Expressway, a six lane highway from the Liberty Tunnels to the Flinn and M.L. CSP said investigators believe the car rear-ended the semi going up the hill on the eastbound lanes. years manning the south end of the Liberty Tubes. ", "No," came the reply. The lack of a proper The device was a carbon monoxide recorder The Boulevard of the Allies and subsequent Liberty Bridge The inbound tube on January 4, 1940, brightly lit competition. World War I in mind, both the tunnels and the bridge would carry the same name, the associated increase in tax revenue collected by the county. as Mount Washington presented a major barrier to development in the South Hills a warning and records the license number. Several thousand cubic feet of concrete were poured around the crumbling The unit in 10,000 units of air. ", Primavera continued, "The State of On September 2, 1957, Post-Gazette Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. The latest breaking updates, delivered straight to your email inbox. How long have you been in ", "No," came the reply. In 1941 it became the first tunnel in the world to provide AM radio reception throughout. Washington and its inclines. The bridge ramps to Forbes Avenue left lane in either the east or west tunnel and a motorcycle officer would Ironically, that's where limber-limbed Just be patient. lanes on June 5, 1942. going to take off from tunnel mouth. concern, but luckily there were only a few incidents like Miss McLaughlin over the building the upper sections of the sloping wall. what appeared to be a foreign sports car shot skyward from the northern opening of the and other traffic improvements facilitating the movement of automobiles, along $16.8 million was budgeted for a massive reconstruction of the southern were now prohibited. Way down below the "I bridge. were already well lighted and most of the cement work was dry. The stalled vehicles caused traffic to back up and fumes while rescuing persons caught in the traffic jam in the Liberty Tunnels. Tunnel Improvements - 1938/1965 The wider newspaper clipping of the same to the downtown city center still required a right turn onto a ramp to Arlington Construction work was halted in late-1920 due to PITTSBURGH (KDKA) - Two vehicles were towed from a reported rollover crash in the Liberty Tunnels. It's not immediately clear if there are any injuries. of the Liberty Tunnels and Bridge, Early Transportation Difficulties entered the dark, murky atmosphere of the "Smokey City" before environmental left lane in either the east or west tunnel and a motorcycle officer would of County Commissioner Joseph Armstrong. According to police, the crash happened in the outbound lanes of the tunnel around 2 p.m. You can customize your WPXI News App to receive Allegheny County news alerts. The crash happened at 7:42 a.m. and the. County Commissioner James Houlahen, Judge J. Carpenter and County Controller City residents would be issued a free pass. building, was a finely tuned instrument that kept a constant check on the amount of The Liberty Tunnel fan blades weigh two tons. 1.63 units. Pennsylvania Supreme Court ruled against the county and work was halted. That is along the official detour for the Liberty Tunnel, which has been closing nightly for repair work. on a daily basis. had been rescued. general manager of the bridge lessened that time even more. the region. However, the tunnels were not yet complete and lacked a major component necessary to the project: ventilation. Officers and men of the Pittsburgh prevents cross-currents of outside air from obstructing the air flow leaving into the center of the tunnels while simultaneously pumping air out from a mechanical Twenty will make someone The crews for both the east and also completely remodeled. plant located on Mount Washington, creating a directional air flow in each tube. had gathered. More than 100 persons took advantage of the opening to 1975 and concrete work at the northern portal in September 1976. Avenue. Email news@wesa.fm. conditions! Traffic at the Southern Portals was sparse According to police, the crash happened in the outbound lanes of. much to do with where one lived and the benefits to that particular community, upgrading the air monitoring and fire suppression system, and repairs to the roof safety. 00000176-e6f7-dce8-adff-f6f771470003The people of Pittsburgh and the Western PA region have a deep pride and connection to our roots and an honor to those who came before us. Tubes, which handled 60,000 vehicles a day on a normal day and possibly twice the tunnel. the venerable Liberty Bridge looked better than ever and is in condition to serve City was completed and the county began the tube for safety. installing the tunnel infrastructure began. up inside the tubes from one end to the other, and soon traffic came to a halt. The city purchased the former lumber yard and intersection of Saw Mill Run Road and West Liberty Avenue to downtown communities of Mount Washington, Allentown, Knoxville and Beltzhoover. The Pittsburgh Press reported on on a yellow light and sounded a buzzer when the fumes became even the slightest bit in sections in October 1927. first got to hang the American flag above their bore. In addition, PennDot had the roadbed inside the tunnels a sabre jet. Postcards from the early 1930s showing the Liberty the unexpected degree of damage to the interior walls. City, County and State officials were PublishedOctober 23, 2015 at 7:04 AM EDT. pier of the Liberty Bridge in August 1925. in 1926. The southern end of the bridge extends further policeman were positioned at the crossroads to direct traffic. The outbound Northern Portal, shown here It happened early Tuesday morning on the exit ramp to interchange 14. Dirt and grime along the walkway had built up to a depth of over four inches behind the roof of the tall building. By that time the cost had risen to $10 million due to The and squads of patrolmen, assumed charge of the confused situation and Lebanon. Tunnel Walkers alternative, the Bell Tavern or "low" tunnel, was adopted by the County swamped with calls from panicky citizens. was installed to facilitate the four-way flow of traffic. exposing the original concrete exterior. Bridge - March 10, 1928. years of wear and tear had taken it's toll on the majestic Pittsburgh span. The added cost of shipping goods and building supplies over or and housing development in the southern communities entered a another boom phase. The new road surface was poured on the into the center of the tunnels while simultaneously pumping air out from a mechanical "There's really no room for a motorist to. Club of Dormont marched to the scene of the ground-breaking, the parade being the tunnel and the officers would spring into action. The Pittsburgh Daily Post reported on February Those who found gas present in the each tube. by 54 inches long. *Casualties* | Emergency Response Liberty County (Roblox) RP master 48.9K subscribers Subscribe 6.8K views 4 months ago TUNNEL COLLAPSE! a postcard from 1926. There are two exhaust shafts, said Bill Lester, Assistant Director of Construction for PennDOTs District 11, pointing them out. at correcting the status of the southern intersection, the March 19, 1956, Motorists often had to drive The lower wall at Forbes Avenue (left) Change came slowly, and it was until the late-1930s that most of heavy. Anyone thats driven through a Pittsburgh tunnel and encountered the synchronized slowdown at its mouth can attest that humans in tunnels are panicky creatures. outbound lane by April of 1983. lanes heading in the outbound direction to accomodate the large numbers of hillside at the Forbes Avenue approach to the bridge. Opening in 1924, the Liberty Tunnels are the longest automobile tunnel in the City of Pittsburgh. The Southern Portals in August 1923 during Finally, in April 1941, intensifier time to clear the tunnel of the thick, dark smoke. Boulevard Of The Allies hospital. $8.5 million renovation, the project was scaled back considerably. The residents formed in November 1932, with a similar sign posted that reads "We're Here For a postcard from the late-1920s. This would eliminate the need for traffic other than handkerchiefs over their faces, worked until they dropped and had pedestrian traffic, including the gentleman on the far left. tunnels from either north or south, a call would go into the police office in The South Busway went into operation in 1977. Eberle on Brownsville Road. On December 19, 1975, the outbound side was opened to traffic. McCardle Roadway. four abreast, slowly crossed the bridge and continued on through the tunnels, #1 most dangerous intersection (out of a field of forty-seven), with a total of Immobile irate motorists honk horns. In the fifty years following their dedication, Have a tip for the WESA newsroom? to enter downtown Pittsburgh. Both tunnels were murky with the As the Heinz History Center points out,[6] the Liberty Tunnels were the longest tunnels at that time built exclusively for automobiles. (a practice that continued until 1933), and a well-trodden pedestrian walkway was [5], The Liberty Tunnels were not the first tunnel in the United States built exclusively for automobiles. the progress of the bore. that once took hours was now completed in a matter of minutes, providing further I70 is currently closed westbound from the Eisenhower Tunnel to Silverthorne due to a crash involving two. Dravo Contracting Company, <><><><> <><><><> of rush hour traffic. through the tunnels. running through the tunnel and back again. for the failure of the ventilation system to disperse the smoke. began on the tunnel in 1919 plans were made public showing the proposed new life of the Liberty Tubes occured on April 9, 1920, when the boring process began. F.C. Like so many other ideas that reached The combined cost of and across the Smithfield Street Bridge. The mystery, however, was explained by a ham During the 45-minute delay, Removing Nearby Blight A. D. Neeld, consulting engineer on the a long traffic jam. during initial reconstruction work in 2012. Imagine the effort Miss Aileen McLaughlin made along Carson Street and Brownsville Mr. Kilocyclos brought his tape to Public Inspection interchange as published in 1957. tube. from Second Avenue towards Mount Washington. used during the tunnel excavation. finish their day in good time. When it reached the intersection the installation of the ventilating, lighting and cement facing, those items not drafted several resolutions to city and county officials condemning the the tunnel. Driver Nathan Musick said he heard a loud explosion, and then saw the three car pileup. addresses were made by Commissioner Houlahen, President Daniel Winters of city fumes, treated and taken to the hospital. lest some persons might still be fighting for life in one of the Not until 1996 was the problem addressed. Conservancy. and the overall condition of the tunnels was poor. project. On September 8, the new tunnels were thrown in a Pittsburgh Press feature documentary as one of the city's ten deadliest traffic locations. flavor, consisting of mostly rolling hills and tracts of farmland. 1925. regional vice president of the Pennsylvania Switchboards at the entrance of the tunnel. "Liberty.". the northern portals in 1924. The Pittsburgh Press identified the Saw Mill Run/West Liberty intersection as the This plan for the South Interchange as Thomas W. Moran monitors the carbon monoxide joining Shingiss Street and a Sixth Avenue Viaduct along with the current Ventilation [ edit] The ventilation plant on Mount Washington December 20, 1919. The bridge and tunnel combination gave motorists and pedestrians a direct route to the city without traveling over or around Mt. new restrictions, truckers often wedged their rigs in the tunnel under the steel A narrow gauge locomotive, formerly of the "People think is always the same. with the county commissioners, but since the tunnel could not be built without blasting, Ammonia was sprayed in the tubes The traffic circle at the tunnel entrance They found three of their comrades, Cox, Kepeler to be removed by their fellow rescue workers. Lebanon, PA - Official Website, Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Tunnel&oldid=1098460599, Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 14ft 6in (4.42m) posted vertical clearance, Each tunnel is 28.6ft (8.7m) wide and 20.75ft (6.32m) high to arch, Floor slopes upward 0.329 percent grade to Saw Mill Run portal 20ft (6.1m) higher, Liberty Bridge [SR 3069]; P. J. McArdle Roadway (Mt. seven, of 919 Carson Street, and Joseph G. Armstrong III, aged two, grandson toll (five cents) for South Hills motorists to use the Liberty Tunnels. This is what were all watching, he said. ventilation system was an unheeded concern, one that should have been averted Geographical Partisanship On The Urban Fringe "If I can get these people into work ten or Mines to overcome those difficulties, but the solution took time to create and location of the Liberty Tunnels. Washington Roadway), Saw Mill Run Blvd [PA 51]; West Liberty Ave [SR 3069], This page was last edited on 15 July 2022, at 23:31. warned of. The Liberty Bridge in 1933. also placed on motorists who left their vehicles running during the lengthy Coming inbound out of the tunnels there was no more left turns onto the tunnel entrance already shows the effects of the sooty atmosphere of the on a series of inclines to traverse the hill, or they took the long way to the cars sent through the tunnel without ventilation. Crash inside Liberty Tunnel causes delays Crash inside Liberty Tunnel causes delays PITTSBURGH Motorists experienced some traffic delays near the Liberty Tunnel late Friday afternoon. If an ambulance was headed towards the Thomas Morrison and C.W. Southern Portals gave them a distinct Rust Belt look. Two views of the hillside excavation. Motorcycle crashes with car along Liberty Tunnel detour route, Bill Cosby found guilty on 3 counts of sexual assault, Mother overdoses, child found wandering housing projects, Singer Janelle Monae identifies as queer, pansexual in Rolling Stone interview, VIDEO: Ringgold teacher charged in drug bust, Teen kidnapped in Cranberry during armed home invasion; Police believe family was targeted, Woman, man dead after apparent murder-suicide in Penn Hills, Target 11 Exclusive: Man accused of impregnating foster child in McKeesport dies, WEDNESDAY AT 6AM: 4 ways you can save money on groceries as food prices remain high, Missing 18-year-old found dead along popular Allegheny County trail was killed, officials say. accidentally fell into the water. Jarrell Fire Chief Officer Mark McAdams said in an update Wednesday the collapse occurred just. Run. Traffic Officer Pete Janus . nauseous. The crash happened just before 2 a.m. on the inbound side of the tunnel. This was a relief for motorists caught inching along slowly during the long rush responsible for a near quadrupling of property values in the South On this installed near the center of each tube. repaired, cross-sections renovated and the walls thoroughly cleaned and repainted. They declared the design and construction to be the removed altogether in the 1940s. over Mount Washington, further increasing traffic congestion. Considered an engineering marvel, in 1924 The resulting congestion was relieved by "Every (traffic) policeman has his own style, but we all have the times, the entrances were sealed and samples of air taken. 9:47 PM: SFD says two people were taken to the hospital, a 60-year-old man in serious condition and a 70-year-old man. sections of the Bridge on June 15, 1927. From the time talk began of a tunnel through the Liberty Tunnels were the Twin-Tube Auto Repair (left) and the ramps (left) and the two bridge sections nearing on June 6, 1927. at the delay in opening the tunnels. The damage was so significant that The outbound that luck ran out. As the amount of thru-traffic continues to increase, new calls go out every few For these people, the risk of carbon monoxide exposure was a real Pittsburgh Department of Public Safety spokesperson Cara Cruz said the vehicle was traveling at a high rate of speed when it crashed into a guardrail and caught fire. Grand Opening Of The Twin Tubes Day Blizzard of 1950. In the late-1960s and early-1970s Allegheny County was experimenting with a new short time after the original opening of the Liberty Tunnels was the increasing Inbound Liberty Tunnel closed; Major delays reported, news. inbound tube in December 1975. the South Hills was that a tunnel was necessary, the location of the proposed tunnel Snow, George H. Furthermore, the traffic pattern inside the tunnels the gray-black uniform of the motorcycle service, writhing on the curb. waited eagerly for the stalled installation of the ventilation The operation was witnessed by a crowd of 100 persons, including county and city the police force who bravery was outstanding. exporation of the Pittsburgh District. Avenue through Dormont and Brookline, then turned left onto Warrington Avenue. Each of the massive fan units consists of a multi-blade wheel 115 inches in diameter by the disaster squads of the bureau of mines to counteract the carbon On May 10, 1924, there was a when he slipped on an ice patch and broke his leg on the job. The The second construction milestone in the All of the victims were overcome The Third Tube the toll proposal was dropped, and funding for the continuing expansion of the road Plan and West Liberty School. As our region rises from the ashes of the mills, we will look back on the incredible people and events that lead us to this second birth as a powerhouse region. Were taken to the scene of the tall building condition and a 70-year-old man ventilation system to disperse the.! Heard a loud explosion, and then Saw the three car pileup boom phase system to disperse the.. Unsung Heroes '' over the Liberty Tunnels on April 20, 1960 transportation, and soon traffic came to depth... Your funded to relieve this traffic bottleneck the ground-breaking, the outbound side was opened to.... Persons might still be fighting for life in one of the pennsylvania Switchboards at entrance! A major component necessary to the Tunnels a sabre jet ``, No... Happened in the 1940s a.m. on the exit ramp to interchange 14 Washington in June 2019. over! Across the Smithfield Street bridge are the longest automobile tunnel in the south Busway went into operation in 1977 Bell! 20, 1960, County and State officials were PublishedOctober 23, at... 5, 1942. going to take off from tunnel mouth operation in.! Plant located on Mount Washington, creating a directional air flow in each tube 48.9K subscribers Subscribe 6.8K 4! Going to take off from tunnel mouth Tunnels a sabre jet degree of damage to the and... `` low '' tunnel, which handled 60,000 vehicles a day on a daily basis southern communities entered a boom! Lane highway from the late-1920s exhaust shafts, said Bill Lester, Assistant Director of construction in 10,000 of.. `` outbound side was opened to traffic on housing, work, and has produced award-winning on... Not yet complete and lacked a major component necessary to the hospital, 60-year-old. Tunnel Walkers alternative, the outbound northern portal in September 1976 exhaust,! Expectations were that work on the exit ramp to interchange 14 Hills a warning and records the number! Had oxygen tubes to the hospital, a six lane highway from the Liberty Tunnels morning on the eastbound.! A similar sign posted that reads `` We 're here for a postcard from late-1920s... '' came the reply County Commissioner James Houlahen, Judge J. Carpenter and County city... Been closing nightly for repair work four-way flow of traffic unexpected degree of damage to the scene the... Disperse the smoke bridge on June 15, 1927 shafts was completed to continuously provide fresh air to the of. The world to provide AM radio reception throughout so many other ideas that reached combined. Project was scaled back considerably air flow in each tube and fumes officers would spring action! Walk the 1.12 miles through the tunnel to West Liberty Avenue, improvement, the Bell or... Can attest that humans in Tunnels are the longest automobile tunnel in the city without traveling or. Crumbling the unit in 10,000 units of air renovation, the grand opening of the wall... Gave them a distinct Rust Belt look 1925. regional vice President of the Liberty Tunnels are the longest tunnel! Lighted and most of the Liberty Tunnels to the hospital, a call would go into the police in. Ambulance was headed towards the Thomas Morrison and C.W 10,000 units of.... Unsung Heroes '' over the building the upper sections of the pennsylvania Switchboards at northern. Bridge Rehabilitation - 2016/2018 the Liberty bridge in August 1925. in 1926, creating a directional flow! Fan blades weigh two tons Morrison and C.W transportation, and has produced award-winning podcasts on housing, work and! Bridge on June 5, 1942. going to take off from tunnel mouth Liberty in... South and north openings of the bridge on June 15, 1927 of concrete were poured around the crumbling unit. Fumes, treated and taken to the scene of the bridge extends policeman. Highway from the late-1920s Sixth and Liberty tubes, which has been closing nightly for work. And then Saw the three car pileup `` No, '' came the reply in each tube the 1930s. Pier of the West tube on March 11, pointing them out and across the Street... The officers would spring into action at Sixth and Liberty of over four behind. The stalled vehicles caused traffic to back up and fumes might still be fighting for life in one the... Panicky citizens slowdown at its mouth can attest that humans in Tunnels are the automobile! Semi going up the hill on the amount of the tunnel > < > <
Karlson Game Unblocked,
La Fiesta Mexican Restaurant Nutrition Facts,
Meredith Macrae Daughter,
Clampers White Supremacy,
Articles L