But the British at Amherstburg knew. The British artillery opened up on the fort on August 15, 1812. :) In social studies, my teacher has assigned us all to a project on the first four presidents and the war of 1812 is involved. The greatest naval triumph of the War of 1812 was led by Naval Lieutenant Oliver Hazard Perry. When the War of 1812 began, Tecumseh and many of these nations allied themselves with Britain. General Hull took his forces back across the river to Detroit on August 7, 1812. AOL. Captain Roberts paroled all of the American soldiers and sent them to Fort Detroit, where Lieutenant Hanks faced a court martial for cowardice. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. Hull was to invade the western edge of Upper Canada at the same time as other coordinated attacks would invade from the area of Niagara Falls in New York State. 36 were here. While impressment of sailors has always overshadowed other causes of the War of 1812, the invasion and annexation of Canada was definitely a goal of the Congressional War Hawks led by Henry Clay. Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Detroit was a fort established on the west bank of the Detroit River by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701. Hearing this news, the Americans retreated … The Essex Militia stationed in Sandwich scattered allowing the Americans to firmly establish themselves on Canadian soil. He met with the new Indian Agent Benjamin Stickney and stayed three days discussing their relations with the Americans. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, A Planned American Invasion of Canada Backfired. Despite the first shots of the War of 1812 being fired near here, shots were never fired in anger from Historic Fort Wayne, the third fort built in Detroit. Captain Thomas Jessup, August 1812. In the build up to the war William Hull, the sixty year old Governor of the Michigan Territory had been appointed to command a new North West Army. During the War of 1812, he received the rank of Captain and was sent to Fort Detroit, where he met and married Abigail Hunt. With about 300 British regular in Amherstburg, he dispatches a detachment of militia to Sandwich. The Madison administration planned a three-pronged invasion against Canada. It was his plan to create a sham battle during the second siege in an attempt to lure the American forces from the fort to destroy them and force the garrison's surrender. The British only had a small garrison at Fort Amherstburg and Hull decided to launch his invasion on July 12. Hull reached Fort Detroit on July 5, 1812. They were startled to see an American officer, who happened to be General Hull's son, come out waving a white flag. Event 3. This act was considered extremely cowardly, and many found it extremely shocking. The Siege of Detroit took place August 15-16, 1812, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815) and was one of the opening actions of the conflict. Some of them angrily broke their own swords rather than surrender them to the British. He claimed he feared a massacre of women and children by Indians, including Tecumseh, who had been recruited to the British side. Hull crossed the Detroit and made his headquarters in a Canadian farm house. On the Canadian side, in the foreground, can be seen the Huron Church and small settlements, along with a horse drawn carriage and a man on horseback riding along a dirt trail on the left side. In July 1812 American forces under Brigadier-General William Hull invaded western Upper Canada from Fort Detroit. In the build up to the war William Hull, the sixty year old Governor of the Michigan Territory had been appointed to command a … Hoping for a quick and decisive knockout blow, President Madison endorsed Hull’s bid. 1, 148, History of St. Clair County MI, 1912) Makisabi, Great War Chief, Pottawatomi (Plain, 1300 Moons) U.S. surrenders Fort Detroit to the British During the War of 1812, American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit and his army to the British without a … On 2 and 3 August 1812, Facing a prevailing sense of defeatism among his forces that threatened his ability to oppose the invasion, British Major General Isaac Brock bolstered Canadian resolve by improving the militia’s capabilities, tightening up compulsory requirements for service, and aggressively courting Indian allies. In August, he ordered his forces withdrawn from Canada back to Fort Detroit. 1812 June 28 News of war reaches Fort Amherstburg Colonel St. George, commander at Fort Amherstburg, receives word of war. Fort Meigs State Memorial until his retirement in 2004. The Detroit Frontier in 1812 O n July 11th 1812, 2,500 American troops under General Hull reached the Detroit River and camped at Fort Detroit. Tags: Fighting the Battles war of 1812 voices Canada [1] Those who escaped made their way to Fort Sandusky, but found it destroyed, and so they returned to Fort Niagara. His purpose was to lobby the Madison Administration for command of the expected American invasion of Canada. Special 1812 demonstrations and tours take place every day at Fort Mackinac. As for Detroit, later in the war a future American president, William Henry Harrison, marched on the fort and recaptured it. Brock knew the Indians were an important psychological weapon to use against the Americans, who feared frontier massacres. Cass, who would go on to have a long career in politics, and was nearly nominated in 1844 as a presidential candidate, wrote passionately. The next day Territorial Governor William Hull, fearing massacre from Brock’s Indian allies, surrendered the fort without much of a fight, and the fort once again passed into British hands. The Americans fired back with their cannon, but the exchange was indecisive. The Siege of Fort Detroit General Hull took his forces back across the river to Detroit on August 7, 1812. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Despite the first shots of the War of 1812 being fired near here, shots were never fired in anger from Historic Fort Wayne, the third fort built in Detroit. It was an inspiring victory for Brock and Canada, a shocking and humiliating loss for Hull and the Americans, and a momentous early turning point in the War of 1812. While the Americans awaited supplies, the British took Fort Mackinac near Sault Sainte Marie. It ended with the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Ghent. General William Henry Harrison – who would later become president – led an The British response was the dispatch of a force of British regular soldiers, Canadian colonial militia, and aboriginal warriors under the overall command of Major-General Isaac Brock. In July 1812, American General William Hull and 2500 troops crossed the Detroit River into Canada near Sandwich. But the British at Amherstburg knew. There were not many good choices, as the U.S. Army was fairly small and most of its officers were young and inexperienced. The Americans eventually took over the fort in 1796. It was an inspiring victory for Brock and Canada, a shocking and humiliating loss for Hull and the Americans. At Amherstburg on the Canadian side of the river were 100 British regulars, 300 militia and 150 Indians led by Tecumseh. In July 1812 American forces under Brigadier-General William Hull invaded western Upper Canada from Fort Detroit. Hull's younger officers, and many of his men, considered him a coward and a traitor. Discover America in Maryland. I come to protect and not to injure you.” Initially, Hull’s declarations appealed to the ambivalent population, and 500 Canadian militia deserted. McNamara, Robert. At each point of attack, the small British and Canadian garrisons would be outnumbered by American armies mostly composed of state militia and volunteers. Some of Hull's junior officers convinced he was inept, began circulating the idea of somehow replacing him. At Amherstburg on the Canadian side of the river were 100 British regulars, 300 militia and 150 Indians led by Tecumseh. General Brock returned the compliment & took Detroit," referencing the siege of Detroit by British General Isaac Brock during the War of 1812. 1, 180/Jenks vol. The War of 1812 (which lasted from 1812 to 1814) was a military conflict between the United States and Great Britain. I saw an article in the Detroit News about the historic Fort Wayne in that city, but was unable to read it. The Americans landed at the town of Sandwich and sent detachments out to seize supplies and to scope out the British defenses. Hull crossed the Detroit and made his headquarters in a Canadian farm house. He wrote a book defending himself, and a spirited debate about his actions continued for decades, though Hull himself died in 1825. The fall of Detroit on 16 August 1812 was one of a series of defeats that stopped the first American invasion of Canada during the War of 1812. The Americans seized the settlement of Sandwich. SUBSCRIBE NOW $1 for 3 months. When war with the United States seemed imminent, Brock called up the local militia. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-1812-surrender-of-fort-detroit-1773546. In July 1812, American General William Hull and 2500 troops crossed the Detroit River into Canada near Sandwich. Promoted to general, Hull reluctantly took the assignment to march to Ohio, muster a force of regular army troops and local militia, proceed to Fort Detroit, and invade Canada. William Hull took command on May 25, 1812, in Dayton, Ohio and soon began moving his army north to Fort Detroit. The subsequent capture of Detroit and Hull’s Army of the Northwest diverted American resources away from the St. Lawrence supply line toward the recovery of territory in … On August 16, a terrified Hull surrendered Fort Detroit, along with his 2,500 men. One officer declared, “He is a coward…and will not risk his person.”, Sensing fear, Brock pursued the Americans, parading his Indian allies around Fort Detroit for psychological effect. An artist's reconstruction of the meeting between Brock and Tecumseh in August 1812 which cemented the alliance between Great Britain and the First Nations in the Michigan Territory and further west. His life was spared only because of his earlier heroism in the colonial army. While Fort Detroit was under the control of General William Hull, the British briefly captured it once again during the War of 1812. General Brock released the Michigan and Ohio militia troops, paroling them to return home. During the winter of 1812, the territorial governor of Michigan, William Hull, ventured to Washington. I know the war of 1812 is a big section to work on, especially when your trying to fit it all into a few sentences. [1] on the Wabash River at the present site of Terre Haute, Indiana. For instance, a Baltimore newspaper, in early May 1812, published the following news item from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Hull's boasting was reprinted in Niles' Register, a popular news magazine of the day. McNamara, Robert. After being released from captivity by the British in Canada, Hull was put on trial by the U.S. government and sentenced to be shot. The next day Territorial Governor William Hull, fearing massacre from Brock’s Indian allies, surrendered the fort without much of a fight, and the fort once again passed into British hands. Although he was a Revolutionary War hero, Hull had suffered a stroke that rendered him a weakened man. American soldiers took possession of Fort Mackinac from the British garrison on July 18, 1815, three years and one day after the post had been captured. On August 16, 1812, the terrified American General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit along with his 2,500 men. FOX 2 Detroit. Hull defended his actions, pointing out that the plan devised for him in Washington was deeply flawed, and that support expected from other military units never materialized. And when it became obvious that the Americans planned to capture a fort in Canada, Brock led his men westward to meet them. History Historic Fort Wayne offers over a thousand years of rich history on Detroit’s riverfront. While Fort Detroit was under the control of General William Hull, the British briefly captured it once again during the War of 1812. Unknown to those on board, the United States had formally declared war against Great Britain. On August 15, 1812, British General Isaac Brock landed a force on the American shore and demanded surrender of Fort Detroit. On August 16, 1812, the day William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit, a British cannonball killed the hapless Lieutenant Hanks. A key site for controlling the western theatre of the War of 1812, Fort Amherstburg (now Fort Malden) owed its existence to the shifting boundaries on Lake Superior in the wake of British and American diplomatic and military disputes.Before 1796, Detroit had been Britain's chief outpost on the economically valuable west end of the Great Lakes. Some American militia troops, who had been outside the fort, arrived back that day and were shocked to discover they were now considered prisoners of war. Surrender of Fort Detroit: 16 Aug 1812 After the American declaration of war, Brigadier-General William Hull led a force of 2,500 troops to Fort Detroit. The U.S. Navy, however, scored successes. War of 1812. General Hull, receiving the message at Fort Detroit, was fearful of the fate of women and children sheltered within the fort should the Indians be allowed to attack. The War of 1812 was " caused by British restrictions on U.S. trade and America’s desire to … (2021, February 16). The view depicts Detroit from the Canadian shore. When General Brock arrived in the area, his troops met up with about 1,000 Indians led by Tecumseh. "The 1812 Surrender of Fort Detroit." Hearing this news, the Americans retreated back across the river into US territory. The initial British successes at Detroit and Fort Michilimackinac in 1812 encouraged the First Nations to maintain an alliance with the British. General William Henry Harrison – who would later become president – led an ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-1812-surrender-of-fort-detroit-1773546. Updated September 03, 2019. Plan of Fort Detroit, January 26, 1812 Artist unknown Miscellaneous collection Watercolour Reference Code: F 775, box MU 2102 Archives of Ontario. In addition, American privateers, swarming the Atlantic, captured 500 British vessels during the fall and winter months of 1812 and 1813. Today, Mackinac State Historic Parks is commemorating the bicentennial of the War of 1812. The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit,or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the Anglo-American War of 1812. To offset this advantage, Brock combed through the captured documents and dispatches that had been taken aboard Cuyahoga as well as during engagements south of Detroit. The fort however would be put under the command of a General who would end up surrendering the fort to the British without putting up a fight. SUBSCRIBE NOW $1 for 3 months. The surrender of Fort Detroit on August 16, 1812, was a military disaster for the United States early in the War of 1812 as it derailed a plan to invade and seize Canada. While other officers had been gaining glory in the wars against Napoleon, Brock had been waiting for his chance. ON JULY 2, 1812, the schooner Cuyahoga, a private American vessel, sailed from Lake Erie into the mouth of the Detroit River and past Fort Amherstburg, a British stronghold on the Canadian side of the river. He currently teaches history at the Firelands campus of Bowling Green State University in Huron, Ohio. The fort however would be put under the command of a General who would end up surrendering the fort to the British without putting up a fight. “He is a coward” On August 16, 1812, the terrified American General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit along with his 2,500 men. It was a stunning victory for British General Isaac Brock and for Canada—and a shocking and humiliating loss for the Americans. The American commander, General William Hull, an aging hero of the Revolutionary War, had been frightened into handing over Fort Detroit after hardly any fighting had taken place. William Hull leads a Western army from Ohio to Fort Detroit, invades Canada, withdraws to Fort Detroit, and then surrenders when threatened with attack. The view depicts Detroit from the Canadian shore. General Hull's army finally reached Detroit on July 5, 1812. In The War of 1812 in the West: From Fort Detroit to New Orleans, David Kirkpatrick chronicles the near catastrophic loss of the Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois Territories, the bitter fight against both Tecumseh’s Confederation and the Creek Nation, and the slow recovery and ultimate victory of American forces—a large portion of which was supplied by Kentucky—from Canada to the Gulf … The War of 1812: The Detroit Theater Tecumseh arrived at Fort Wayne on June 17, 1812. As a colony of Great Britain, Canada was swept up in the War of 1812 and was invaded several times by the Americans. On August 16, 1812, the terrified American General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit along with his 2,500 men. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-1812-surrender-of-fort-detroit-1773546 (accessed February 26, 2021). Tags: Fighting the Battles war of 1812 voices Canada [1] Those who escaped made their way to Fort Sandusky, but found it destroyed, and so they returned to Fort Niagara. During the War, Fort Detroit was a strategic outpost that didn’t see much action until August 15th, 1812. The Siege of Detroit, also … Today, the modern city of Detroit, Michigan, is located where the fort once stood. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. But he did, at first, send back a defiant message, refusing to surrender. General Brock returned the compliment & took Detroit," referencing the siege of Detroit by British General Isaac Brock during the War of 1812. WKAR’s Scott Pohl speaks with Phil Porter about the historic date. British occupation of Detroit. The conventional strategy for invading Canada centered on the capture of the vital city of Montreal. Perry built a 12-ship flotilla of gunboats and small armed vessels under extremely difficult conditions and in the September of 1813, he captured the entire British Lake Erie squadron. An artist's reconstruction of the meeting between Brock and Tecumseh in August 1812 which cemented the alliance between Great Britain and the First Nations in the Michigan Territory and further west. He commanded the tiny naval base at Presque Isle on Lake Erie. Once he had reached the fort, the American force was to cross the Detroit River and capture Amherstburg. At that time Canada consisted of two provinces, Upper Canada, which bordered the United States, and Lower Canada, territory farther to the north. Today, the modern city of Detroit, Michigan, is located where the fort once stood. When General Brock arrived in the area, his troops met up with about 1,000 Indians led by Tecumseh. That night the Indians and Brock's British soldiers crossed over the river and marched close to the fort in the morning. The U.S. Navy, however, scored successes. But Americans were outraged by his actions. Beginning in July 1812, Brigadier General William Hull conducted an abortive invasion of Canada before withdrawing back to his base at Fort Detroit. So before he was even halfway to Detroit almost anyone, including any British sympathizers, knew what he was up to. On the Canadian side, the military commander who would face Hull was General Isaac Brock, an energetic British officer who had spent a decade in Canada. 1812, War of The subsequent capture of Detroit and Hull’s Army of the Northwest diverted American resources away from the St. Lawrence supply line toward the recovery of territory in the west. The campaign of 1813 centered on Lake Erie. Before war was declared Hull was dispatched to Detroit at the head of a force of three regiments of Ohio … Click on detroit. ... Visit Detroit. He criticized Hull severely, concluding his lengthy account with the following passage: Hull was returned to the United States in a prisoner exchange, and after some delays, he was eventually put on trial in early 1814. Haunted by the threat of Indian atrocities, Hull began to lose his nerve for the invasion. General Hull Builds a Road to Detroit. But Hull's surrender of 2,500 men and their weapons, including three dozen cannons, was highly controversial. He was recognized for his performance at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and was assigned to command Fort Harrison during the winter of 1811–12. On August 16, with the help of Chief Tecumseh's Native warriors, Brock and Tecumseh's forces marched on Fort Detroit. Brock knew the Indians were an important psychological weapon to use against the Americans, who feared frontier massacres. War of 1812 in Indiana. Along the way, he laboriously cut a supply road through the wilderness from Urbana to Detroit, a distance of over 170 miles. He later called for Hull’s surrender with this unnerving message: “It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but…the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves…will be beyond control the moment the contest commences.”. Located on land significant to Native American cultures and hosting the signing of the Treaty of Springwells at the close of the War of 1812, Fort Wayne’s star fort was built in 1845. To offset this advantage, Brock combed through the captured documents and dispatches that had been taken aboard Cuyahoga as well as during engagements south of Detroit. On August 15, 1812, British General Isaac Brock landed a force on the American shore and demanded surrender of Fort Detroit. The key battles: Fort Detroit Lake Erie Thames River Horseshoe Hello. Maj. Gen. Isaac Brock assumed command of Fort Malden on August 13, 1812, and it was Brock who would lead British troops across the Detroit River days later. His books include Men of Patriotism, Courage, & Enterprise: Fort Meigs in the War of 1812 (Bowie, Md., 1997), Fort Meigs: War of 1812 Battleground Detroit Riverfront. McNamara, Robert. "The 1812 Surrender of Fort Detroit." Not Only About Impressment: Causes of the War of 1812, War of 1812: Surprises at Sea & Ineptitude on Land, War of 1812 Major General Sir Isaac Brock, Biography of Robert Cavelier de la Salle, French Explorer, War of 1812: Success on Lake Erie, Failure Elsewhere, National Parks in Ohio: Wright Brothers, Mounds, Buffalo Soldiers, Life of John Jay, Founding Father and Supreme Court Chief Justice, Attack That Inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner", The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. He sent a message to Fort Detroit, warning that "the body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences.". The fortifications were solid, but the location was isolated, and it would be difficult for supplies or reinforcements to reach the fort in the event of a siege. The Detroit Frontier in 1812 O n July 11th 1812, 2,500 American troops under General Hull reached the Detroit River and camped at Fort Detroit. Camp Detroit, August 10th, 1812. General Hull kept holding councils of war with his officers, but could not come to a firm decision to continue on and attack the nearest British strong point, the fort at Malden. Embracing Hull’s plan for invasion would have enormous consequences for both the American and British sides, and had huge influence on the early course of the war. Hull had decided to surrender Fort Detroit without a fight. Clemons, Michigan (John Askin Papers vol. The invasion plan was poorly conceived. Paragraphs even. The War of 1812: The Detroit Theater Tecumseh arrived at Fort Wayne on June 17, 1812. Some of Hull’s dispirited men began to lose confidence in their general. It was a stunning victory for British General Isaac Brock and for Canada—and a shocking and humiliating loss for the Americans. July 17 marks the bicentennial of a key date in the War of 1812, when the British captured Fort Mackinac at the onset of war. In addition, American privateers, swarming the Atlantic, captured 500 British vessels during the fall and winter months of 1812 and 1813. General Hull, commanding the Northwest army of the United States of the other part. Hull instead proposed an invasion from the west, using Fort Detroit as a base. And the future of the North American continent may have been profoundly affected. Having distinguished himself in a number of Revolutionary War battles, many saw Hull as a natural choice. Fort Detroit was a strategic outpost during the War of 1812. On August 16, 1812, American General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit along with 2,500 men. While the Americans awaited supplies, the British took Fort Mackinac near Sault Sainte Marie. On this day in 1812, under Hull’s command, the fort surrendered to the British. Fort Detroit would prove to be an important location for a series of attacks against the British during the War of 1812. History Historic Fort Wayne offers over a thousand years of rich history on Detroit’s riverfront. "The story of Detroit in the War of 1812 is truly an amazing story." The British response was the dispatch of a force of British regular soldiers, Canadian colonial militia, and aboriginal warriors under the … The campaign of 1813 centered on Lake Erie. ThoughtCo. 3 plans for the United States to invade Canada all failed. Hull's legitimate concern was his vulnerable supply line. The fall of Detroit on 16 August 1812 was one of a series of defeats that stopped the first American invasion of Canada during the War of 1812. Jump to. Fort Detroit was a strategic outpost during the War of 1812. Unknown to those on board, the United States had formally declared war against Great Britain. As war with Britain began to seem inevitable in the spring of 1812, President James Madison sought a military commander who could lead an invasion of Canada. William Hull was the 59-year-old governor of the Michigan Territory. It was a stunning victory for British General Isaac Brock and for Canada—and a shocking and humiliating loss for the Americans. Madison settled on William Hull, the governor of the Michigan territory. A colonel in the Ohio militia, Lewis Cass, traveled to Washington and wrote a long letter to the secretary of war which was published in newspapers as well as in the popular news magazine Niles' Register. Event 4. The 1812 Surrender of Fort Detroit. In the 18th century, French colonial settlements developed on both sides of the river, based on the fur trade, missions and farms. On June 18th, 1812, James Madison declared war against the British. The fort was under the command of Brigadier General William Hull, who was the Michigan Territory Governor prior to the onset of the war. The regular American troops were taken as prisoners to Montreal. Musqueash, Chief who lived in the vicinity, of now Port Huron, Michigan, Musqueash died soon after the War of 1812 and was buried on the Indian Reservation north of Mt. On July 12, 1812, the Americans crossed the river. On July 12, 1812 Hull invaded Upper Canada crossing the river between Detroit and Sandwich, about 35 kilometres above Fort Amherstburg. The surrender of Tecumseh led warriors during both sieges at Fort Meigs. Hull reached Fort Detroit in July, and crossed into Canada proclaiming “I come to find enemies not to make them. I saw an article in the Detroit News about the historic Fort Wayne in that city, but was unable to read it. War of 1812, (June 18, 1812–February 17, 1815), conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. One colossal flaw in the American invasion plan was that everyone seemed to know about it. Had things not gone so terribly for the Americans at Fort Detroit, the entire war may have proceeded very differently. Fort Detroit would prove to be an important location for a series of attacks against the British during the War of 1812. "The story of Detroit in the War of 1812 is truly an amazing story." The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit,or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the Anglo-American War of 1812. He met with the new Indian Agent Benjamin Stickney and stayed three days discussing their relations with the Americans. British occupation of Detroit. So while the effect of Hull's blundering and surrender was to depress American morale at the beginning of the war, the loss of the outpost was not permanent. 1812 July 2 Cuyahoga Captured The Cuyahoga, traveling from Toledo to Detroit transporting some officers’ wives and invalids, The first envelope was titled Articles of the Capitulation of Fort Detroit, Aug. 16, 1812 while the second started with the word Original. The USS Constitution, also nicknamed the 'Old Ironsides' defeats the HMS Guerriere. Located on land significant to Native American cultures and hosting the signing of the Treaty of Springwells at the close of the War of 1812, Fort Wayne’s star fort was built in 1845. Capitulation of surrendering Fort Detroit, entered into between Maj. Gen. Brock, commanding his Britannic Majesty's forces of the one part, and Brig. With no good excuse to delay, Hull decided to go on the offensive. He hesitated until a messenger arrived with the news that the United States had formally declared war on Britain. Hull was also expecting support from forces that would follow him from Ohio. The fort was across a river from British territory, and about 800 American settlers lived in its vicinity. Event 2. President James Madison, noting Hull's service in the Revolutionary War, pardoned him, and Hull retired to his farm in Massachusetts. Hull had fought bravely in the Revolutionary War, but when he met with Madison in early 1812 he was nearly 60 years old and in questionable health. ON JULY 2, 1812, the schooner Cuyahoga, a private American vessel, sailed from Lake Erie into the mouth of the Detroit River and past Fort Amherstburg, a British stronghold on the Canadian side of the river. On August 16, a terrified Hull surrendered Fort Detroit, along with his 2,500 men.
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