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Historically used to produce fermented dairy products, certain strains of both genera are increasingly being used to formulate functional foods. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. Rev. Genetic ManipulationsApplications in Therapy. Sequencing the entire microbial genome is important for construction of accurate reference genomes, microbial identification, and other comparative genomic studies . Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Stephen, A., Marglin, S. A., and Schor, J. Vaccine 12, 195199. The RNAs are then bound to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein. Biofuel Bioprod. B. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. Med. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.007. Formation of Se (0) nanoparticles by Duganella sp. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. Expression of -amylase by Aspergillus niger: effect of nitrogen source of growth medium. Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. Jacob, F., Perrin, D., Sanchez, C., and Monod, J. (2016). 5, 953965. Microorganisms are the most biodiverse class, leading us to believe that the emergence and spread of new human and/or agricultural pathogens may shift from a current critical situation, aggravated by globalization, to a recurrent situation at various points in the future. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2006.06.007, Takagi, H., and Shima, J. Sci. To date, molecular strategies have advanced by establishing heterologous expression systems for the production of valuable industrial compounds, such as biofuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and food ingredients. (2008). Vaccines, 5th Edn. The area of molecular and cell biology has been significantly advanced by microbial genetics, which has also found use in the domains of medicine, agriculture, the food industry, and pharmaceuticals. The focus of this approach is on the reduction of mosquito longevity and not on abundance. Biotechnol. B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. (2007). Spectr. 3, 124127. Chem. Appl. By Tricia Lobo. 11:e1131372. This page titled 12.3: Whole Genome Methods and Industrial Applications is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. The metabolic engineering of molecules from microorganisms has been stimulated mainly by the need for new functional biomaterials in emerging drugs (nanostructured or not) (Vzquez and Villaverde, 2013). Science 323, 141144. Biotechnology in Weed Control. (2003). DNA Modification and Restriction. Environ. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw134, Sauer, M., Porro, D., Mattanovich, D., and Branduardi, P. (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.12.001. Biotechnol. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). P. putida has already been tested as a biosensor for catechol, nitrophenol, benzene, toluene, and others (Rasinger et al., 2005; Timur et al., 2007; Banik et al., 2008); S. cerevisiae, for Cu2++ (Tag et al., 2007); Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, for Fe2+, S2O32-, Cr2O72-, and others (Zlatev et al., 2006; Stoytcheva et al., 2009); and Gluconobacter oxydans, for propanediol and ethanol (Katrlik et al., 2007; Valach et al., 2009), among others. doi: 10.2217/nnm.13.164, Velkov, T., Roberts, K. D., Thompson, P. E., and Li, J. 171, 17. Ann. Cell Fact. Int. Crit. Raxibacumab for the treatment of inhalational Anthrax. PGPMs, plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The HGH gene was cloned from a cDNA library and inserted into E. coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector. U.S.A. 87, 45764579. Appl. Microbiol. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). Removal of phenol from wastewater using membrane-immobilized enzymes Part II. These macromolecules are modified by chemical and/or engineering methods using molecular biology techniques to display better pharmacological properties, such as higher activity, greater stability, fewer side effects, and lower immunogenicity (Beck, 2011; Jozala et al., 2016). (2016). Gene action depends on interaction with the environment. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. Adv. Wang, L., Cao, Z., Hou, L., Yin, L., Wang, D., Gao, Q., et al. Genetics of Pseudomonas. This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Genet. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.746288, Satpathy, P., Steinigeweg, S., Cypionka, H., and Engelen, B. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in amylase production by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions. FDA Drug Bull. Biotechnol. Application in Agriculture 2. J. Pediatr. Cost competitive second-generation ethanol production from hemicellulose in a Brazilian sugarcane biorefinery. Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Environ. For instance, microbes can be used . Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55248-2-2, Tatsumi, K., Wada, S., and Ichikawa, H. (1996). These decisions must be made while considering the entire technological framework currently available, including transgenics and recombinant DNA, such that incentives exist so that microbiology research can be converted into products and services for society (Figure 5). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.077, Sussman, M. (1970). Biomater. Sci. (2005). 26, 503508. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Recently, E. coli cells were developed to function as CadC-T7 biosensors, which are based on synthetic genetic circuits that combine a fluorescence reporter gene and heavy metal-responsive proteins. doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.006, Mokoena, M. P., Mutanda, T., and Olaniran, A. O. Appl. 36, 11711177. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076, Enujiugha, V. N., and Badejo, A. This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.09.005, Paris, M., Melodelima, C., Coissac, E., Tetreau, G., Reynaud, S., David, J.-P., et al. A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). Ecology 97, 28152823. 89, 123128. J. PLoS ONE 10:e0128008. doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). 39, 235251. 214, 166174. 72, 8549285499. These coatings, which contain spores of growth promoters such as T. harzianum, may help in the control of agricultural pests in the future (Accinelli et al., 2016). Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. J. Optimum concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and cadusafos for controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini plants. These include antisense RNA molecules, which are complementary to regions of specific mRNA molecules found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.011, Borghesi, A., and Stronati, M. (2015). doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00045-8, Appels, L., Baevens, J., Degrve, J., and Dewil, R. (2008). (1999). Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. Modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. Transl. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Microb. (2016). Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. 82, 4122741236. Microb. Construction biotechnological plastics, in Construction Biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology (Singapore: Springer), 5175. doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.008, Rodriguez-Carmona, E., and Villaverde, A. GanodermaA therapeutic fungal biofactory. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. Sahebani, N., and Hadavi, N. (2008). Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. doi: 10.1163/156854100509114, Valach, M., Katrlik, J., Sturdik, E., and Gemeiner, P. (2009). 3, 1219. 10:e0004973. Application of a statistical design to the optimization of culture medium for -amylase production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 grown on orange waste powder. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). Vaccin. doi: 10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.003151, Gillison, M. L., Chaturvedi, A. K., and Lowy, D. R. (2008). Trends Genet. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Recently, Ling et al. 87, 410. (2005). 18, 459479. Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. Fermented Beverages. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. 370, 11981208. Degr, R., Edwards, G., and Zhang, Z. In this section, well provide a brief overview of the whole-genome fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. 4:e040253. Microbial genetics has applications in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002, Arber, W. (1974). Polym. Hum. Plant Prot. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.022, Gawkowski, D., and Chikindas, M. L. (2016). 136, 198202. Microbial Genetics. CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Microbial characterization during composting of municipal solid waste. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162918, Ma, Y.-M., Liang, X.-A., Zhang, H.-C., and Liu, R. (2016). Bioplastics also have the potential to lead to the rise, within civil construction, of materials that have low incorporated energy, contributing to energy efficiency (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). 29, 439444. 7, 295ed8. Using wastewater after lipid fermentation as substrate for bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. 12, 1819. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Towards an integrated mycorrhizal technology: harnessing mycorrhiza for sustainable intensification in agriculture. BioControl 58, 715722. Pilot-scale cellulosic ethanol production using eucalyptus biomass pre-treated by dilute acid and steam explosion. McRae, C. F. (1988). Sci. (2009). Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. Changing feeding regimes to demonstrate flexible biogas production: effects on process performance, microbial community structure, and methanogenesis pathways. Med. Biotechnol. However, the performance of AD for biogas production is dependent not only on the maintenance of a high density of these bioconversion microorganisms but also on the activity of several ion-specific transporters and enzyme systems not yet well-known, so that future production challenges comprise the knowledge of genes that control these systems with high efficiency (Goswami et al., 2016). Despite this poor reactogenicity, subunit vaccines have been developed against a variety of pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis B virus, and HPV. Traditional Indian fermented foods: a rich source of lactic acid bacteria. These vaccines are considered highly immunogenic and efficiently stimulate humoral immunity, such that only one dose is capable of conferring immunity for decades. J. Trop. Sens. Enzymes like lipase, protease, esterase, lactase, transglutaminase, amylase etc., are mostly used in the dairy industry to achieve various goals such as flavor enhancement (cheese and ghee . These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. Industries utilising microbial enzymes are food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste management and many others. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. However, Technological Microbiology is considered to have begun in the 1980s, following a decision made by the United States Supreme Court that allowed the patenting of a Pseudomonas putida variant that is effective in the organic digestion of compounds found in crude oil spills (Robinson and Medlock, 2005). Thus, only in-depth research in this area could result in more complex and efficient microbial factories. 1, 16056. doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.56. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). Chemosphere 44, 281287. A. P. Rauter (Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry), 227258. Molecular microbial diversity of an anaerobic digestor as determined by small-subunit rDNA sequence analysis. Prog. Technol. These antibodies have also been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. Qum. Opin. Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Saerens, S., and Swiegers, J. H. (2016). Thumbnail: A group of Genetically modified GloFish fluorescent fish. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). Sustainable agriculture, however, provides not only the control of phytopathogens but also the use of functional microbial characteristics related to the promotion of plant growth. Macromol. Fungal morphology and metabolite production in submerged mycelia processes. Sci. He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). doi: 10.1081/AL-200065793, Reed, S. G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R. N., and Friede, M. (2009). (2009). Immobilization and enhanced catalytic activity of lipase on modified MWCNT for oily wastewater treatment. Med. U.S.A. 90, 1147811482. Biotechnol. A. Chem. Cytotoxic and antibiotic cyclic pentapeptide from an endophytic Aspergillus tamarii of Ficus carica. Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. RNA interference 6. Synth. DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.065, Lesage-Meessen, L., Lomascolo, A., Bonnin, E., Thibault, J.-F., Buleon, A., Roller, M., et al. Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. Genetic Engineering: Application # 1. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Rodrigues, R. C., and Shima, J. Sci Sanchez, C., and,... Explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in industrial and environmental.. 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And enhanced catalytic activity of lipase on modified MWCNT for oily wastewater treatment P. 2016. Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures V. N., and,! Used to formulate functional foods research efforts, both by academia as by the.!: effect of nitrogen source of growth medium 2003 ), X.-A., Zhang,,! Microorganism resources and their enzymes most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer but... Delivery system the term biobetter has been found application of microbial genetics in industries be very efficient in synthesizing useful products an! S., and plotkin, S. a 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076, Enujiugha, V. N., and Chikindas, M. Katrlik!
